Spotter 1
1. In a case–control study, what is the meaning of OR = 2? (1)
An odds ratio (OR) of 2 means that the odds of exposure among cases are twice the odds of exposure among controls, indicating a two-fold higher association between exposure and the outcome.
2. List five types of bias associated with a case–control study. (1)
Selection bias, recall bias, observer bias, information (misclassification) bias, and confounding bias.
